Data extracted in February 2025
Planned article update: 21 May 2025
Highlights
(% share in extra-EU trade, seasonally adjusted)
Source: Eurostat dataset (ext_st_eu27_2020sitc)
This article provides a picture of the international trade of main product groups exchanged between the European Union (EU) and Russia. More general information on trade with Russia is available in 
this excel file. This article is part of an online publication providing recent statistics on international trade in goods, covering information on the EU's main partners, main goods traded, specific characteristics of trade as well as background information.
Latest developments
EU trade with Russia has been strongly affected since the start of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The EU has imposed various import and export restrictions on several products, resulting in a 62% decline in exports to Russia and an 85% drop in imports from Russia between Q1 2022 and Q4 2024 (see Figure 1). More recently, in Q4 2024 compared with the previous quarter, imports from Russia increased slightly while exports to Russia decreased. As a result, the EU's trade deficit with Russia stood at €2.1 billion, significantly below the deficit peak of €46.0 billion recorded in Q2 2022.
(€ billion, seasonally adjusted)
Source: Eurostat dataset (ext_st_eu27_2020sitc)
When looking at the changes in Russia's shares in extra-EU trade, both exports and imports dropped considerably below the levels prior to Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Figure 2 shows that Russia's share in the extra-EU exports fell from 3.2% in Q1 2022 to 1.1% in Q4 2024. Over the same period, the share of extra-EU imports from Russia fell from 9.3% to 1.5%.
(% share in extra-EU trade, seasonally adjusted)
Source: Eurostat dataset (ext_st_eu27_2020sitc)
When looking at quarterly data, the EU's total trade balance with Russia is strongly correlated with the balance for energy products. High prices for energy products in 2021 and 2022 caused a considerable trade deficit, peaking at €46.0 billion in Q2 2022. However, import restrictions and falling energy prices significantly reduced the trade deficit, which stood at €2.1 billion in Q4 2024.
(%)
Source: Eurostat dataset (ext_st_eu27_2020sitc)
Key product groups imported by the EU from Russia
Figure 4 focuses on 5 product groups imported from Russia, selected because of their relevance with respect to total extra-EU imports in terms of share or in terms of their absolute value. These products accounted for more than 60% of all EU imports from Russia. There were import restrictions for natural gas, coal and petroleum oils with derogations. There were also restrictions for iron and steel and fertilisers, but not for all products in these product groups. These restrictions initially caused large drops in the imports of these products, although other factors could also have played a role. For imports of nickel there were no restrictions but here too, imports decreased considerably. Comparing Q4 2022 with Q4 2024 there were drops for nickel (-22 percentage points (pp)), petroleum oil (-13 pp) and iron and steel (-1 pp). By contrast, in this period shares for fertilisers and natural gas (both +5 pp) increased.
For each of these products, the development of value, volume and unit value for imports since Q1 2021 are shown in the following section. In addition, the shares in imports by partner are shown for Q4 of 2022, 2023 and 2024. This section uses non-seasonally adjusted data.
EU imports of nickel
In Q4 2024, the volume of nickel imported from Russia was 76% of what it had been in Q1 2021 (see Figure 5) while its value had dropped to 46% in the same period. Imports of nickel were not affected by a specific ban. Measured in value, EU imports of nickel from Russia increased strongly between Q1 2021 and Q1 2022 due to increasing demand and prices. In the following months they dropped considerably.
Russia's share in EU imports of nickel fell by 22 pp between the Q4 2022 and 2024 (see Figure 6). The shares of the United States (+10 pp), Norway (+5 pp) and the United Kingdom (+4 pp) increased in this period.
value, indexed at 100 in Q1 2021
Source: Eurostat (Comext DS-045409)
EU imports of petroleum oil
In Q4 2024, the volume of petroleum oil imported from Russia was 10% of what it had been in Q1 2021 (see Figure 7) while its value had dropped to 13% in the same period. EU imports of petroleum oil (combined crude and non-crude) from Russia in trade value almost doubled between Q1 2021 and Q1 2022 due to increasing prices. Russia was the largest provider of petroleum oils to the EU in 2021. After Russia's invasion, a major diversion in the trade of petroleum oil took place. Evidence of this became visible in the second and especially in Q3 and Q4 of 2022 and continued in 2023 and 2024.
The share of petroleum oil imports from Russia dropped from 18% in Q4 2022 to 2% in Q4 2024 (see Figure 8). The shares of the United States (+7 pp), Kazakhstan (+4 pp), Saudi Arabia (+2 pp) and Norway (+1 pp) increased in this period.
value, indexed at 100 in Q1 2021
Source: Eurostat (Comext DS-045409)
EU imports of fertilisers
In Q4 2024 compared with Q1 2021, the volume index for imports of fertilisers from Russia decreased by 26 pp while, due to rising prices, the value index had increased by 4 pp (see Figure 9). The value of the EU's imports of fertilisers from Russia more than doubled between the Q1 2021 and 2022, mostly as a result of rising prices.
Russia's share in extra-EU imports of fertilisers rose from 20% in Q4 2022 to 25% in Q4 2024. Egypt (21%) and Morocco (13%) were the next largest origins of fertiliser imports in Q4 2024 (see Figure 10).
value, indexed at 100 in Q1 2021
Source: Eurostat (Comext DS-045409)
(%)
Source: Eurostat (Comext DS-045409)
EU imports of iron and steel
In Q4 2024, both the value and volume of iron and steel imported from Russia were around one third of what they had been in Q1 2021 (see Figure 11). The value of the EU's imports of iron and steel from Russia increased by 63 pp between Q1 2021 and 2022 mainly due to rising prices. Subsequently, drops in volume and value were observed because of the sanctions on several products.
Russia's share in extra-EU imports of iron and steel fell by 1 pp in Q4 2024 compared with Q4 2022 (see Figure 12). China and South Korea were the largest origin for EU imports of iron and steel, both with a share of 10% in Q4 2024.
value, indexed at 100 in Q1 2021
Source: Eurostat (Comext DS-045409)
(%)
Source: Eurostat (Comext DS-045409)
EU imports of liquefied natural gas
In Q4 2024, the volume of liquefied natural gas imported from Russia was 18% higher than in Q1 2021 (see Figure 13). Due to rising prices its value in this period increased by 274%. The value of EU imports of liquefied natural gas from Russia increased considerably between Q1 2021 and Q3 2022 as prices increased sharply. Measured in value, imports of natural gas from Russia steadily decreased until Q3 2023 and since then fluctuated from quarter to quarter.
Russia's share in EU imports of liquefied natural gas increased from 11% in Q4 2022 to 22% in Q4 2024 (see Figure 14). The highest share in Q4 2024 was observed for the United States (36%).
value, indexed at 100 in Q1 2021
Source: Eurostat (Comext DS-045409)
(%)
Source: Eurostat (Comext DS-045409)
EU imports of natural gas in gaseous state
In Q4 2024, the volume of natural gas in gaseous state imported from Russia was 61% lower than in Q1 2021 (see Figure 15). However, due to rising prices its value in this period decreased by only 9%. The value of EU imports of natural gas in gaseous state from Russia increased considerably between Q1 2021 and Q3 2022 as prices increased sharply. In the following quarters both volume and value decreased considerably. In the last quarter imports from Russia decreased in volume but increased in value.
Russia's share in EU imports of natural gas in gaseous state dropped slightly from 24% in Q4 2022 to 22% in Q4 2024 (see Figure 16). In this period the share for Algeria (+9%) increased most.
value, indexed at 100 in Q1 2021
Source: Eurostat (Comext DS-045409)
(%)
Source: Eurostat (Comext DS-045409)
Main product groups in EU exports to Russia
The EU also exported a wide range of products to Russia ( Table 1). Between Q1 2021 and Q4 2024, exports for 4 (machinery, vehicles, electrical machinery, and plastics) of the 5 largest product groups dropped considerably, with pharmaceuticals being the exception. Pharmaceuticals stood at €2 225 million in Q4 2024, having previously peaked at €2 894 million in Q4 2022. The weight of these exports is shown in Table 2. The volume data confirmed a significant drop in 4 out of the 5 largest product groups, while the volume of pharmaceutical products remained stable compared with Q1 2021.
(€ million, quarterly data)
Source: Eurostat (Comext DS-045409)
(1 000 tonnes, quarterly data)
Source: Eurostat (Comext DS-045409)
Source data for tables and graphs
Data sources
EU data is taken from Eurostat's COMEXT database. COMEXT is the reference database for international trade in goods. It provides access not only to both recent and historical data from the EU Member States but also to statistics of a significant number of non-EU countries. International trade aggregated and detailed statistics disseminated via the Eurostat website are compiled from COMEXT data according to a monthly process.
Data are collected by the competent national authorities of the EU Member States and compiled according to a harmonised methodology established by EU regulations before transmission to Eurostat. For extra-EU trade, the statistical information is mainly provided by the traders on the basis of customs declarations.
EU data are compiled according to EU guidelines and may, therefore, differ from national data published by the Member States. Statistics on extra-EU trade are calculated as the sum of trade of each of the 27 EU Member States with countries outside the EU. In other words, the EU is considered as a single trading entity and trade flows are measured into and out of the area, but not within it.
Methodology
According to EU concepts and definitions, extra-EU trade statistics (trade between EU Member States and non-EU countries) do not record exchanges involving goods in transit, placed in a customs warehouse or given temporary admission (for trade fairs, temporary exhibitions, tests, etc.). This is known as 'special trade'. The partner is the country of final destination of the goods for exports and the country of origin for imports. Product classification
Information on commodities exported and imported is presented according to the Harmonised System for product classification. A full description is available from Eurostat's classification server [1].
Figure 3 is based on the SITC classification in which the main categories are:
- food, drinks and tobacco (Sections 0 and 1 - including live animals);
- raw materials (Sections 2 and 4);
- energy products (Section 3);
- chemicals and related products (Section 5 - including pharmaceuticals and plastics);
- machinery and transport equipment (Section 7);
- other manufactured goods (Sections 6 and 8);
- other goods (Section 9).
The products shown in Figures 4 to 18 are:
- Nickel (HS 75);
- Petroleum oil (HS 2709 and HS 2710);
- Natural gas (HS 271111 and HS 271121);
- Fertilisers (HS 31) and
- Iron and steel (HS 72).
Unit of measure
Trade values are expressed in millions or billions (109) of euros. They correspond to the statistical value, i.e. to the amount which would be invoiced in case of sale or purchase at the national border of the reporting country. It is called an FOB value (free on board) for exports and a CIF value (cost, insurance, freight) for imports.
Context
Trade is an important indicator of Europe's prosperity and place in the world. The bloc is deeply integrated into global markets both for the products it sources and the exports it sells. The EU trade policy is one of the main pillars of the EU's relations with the rest of the world.
Because the 27 EU Member States share a single market and a single external border, they also have a single trade policy. EU Member States speak and negotiate collectively, both in the World Trade Organisation, where the rules of international trade are agreed and enforced and with individual trading partners. This common policy enables them to speak with one voice in trade negotiations, maximising their impact in such negotiations. This is even more important in a globalised world in which economies tend to cluster together in regional groups.
The openness of the EU's trade regime has meant that the EU is the largest player on the global trading scene and remains a good region to do business with. Thanks to the ease of modern transport and communications, it is now easier to produce, buy and sell goods around the world which gives European companies of every size the potential to trade outside Europe.