End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Data extracted in April 2025.
Planned article update: June 2026.
Highlights
This article is a part of a set of statistical articles, which are based on the Eurostat publication ’Sustainable development in the European Union — Monitoring report on progress towards the SDGs in an EU context — 2025 edition’. This report is the ninth edition of Eurostat’s series of monitoring reports on sustainable development, which provide a quantitative assessment of progress of the EU towards the SDGs in an EU context.
SDG 1 calls for the eradication of poverty in all its manifestations. It envisions shared prosperity, a basic standard of living and social protection benefits for people everywhere, including the poorest and most vulnerable.
No poverty in the EU: overview and key trends
Poverty harms people’s lives and hampers social cohesion and economic growth. Monitoring SDG 1 in an EU context involves tracking aspects related to multidimensional poverty and access to housing and healthcare. Over the assessed five-year period, the EU has made progress towards reducing the different aspects of poverty monitored here, but the overall pace of improvement has slowed compared with previous years. The number of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion has remained broadly stable since 2019. The individual components included in the EU’s multidimensional poverty measure — monetary poverty, social- and material deprivation, and very low work intensity — improved between 2018 and 2023. However, significant further efforts will be required to meet the target set for multidimensional poverty to reduce the number of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion by at least 15 million by 2030, compared with the 2019 baseline level, including at least 5 million children. Regarding access to housing and health care, fewer people are now overburdened by housing costs or living in an overcrowded household. However, more people reported an unmet need for medical care in 2023 than they did five years earlier.
Table 1: Indicators measuring progress towards SDG 1, EU
Table 2: Explanation of symbols for indicating progress towards SD objectives and targets
Multidimensional poverty
SDG 1 not only calls for the eradication of extreme poverty but also for poverty in all its dimensions to be halved by 2030. This global goal encourages a universal approach to reducing poverty. The EU also employs a multidimensional measure of poverty and in its European Pillar of Social Rights Action Plan has set a target to reduce the number of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion by at least 15 million by 2030 compared with the 2019 level. A complementary ambition states that of these 15 million people, at least 5 million should be children.
The EU’s at-risk-of-poverty-or-social-exclusion (AROPE) indicator is based on three components: monetary poverty (at-risk-of-poverty rate, AROP), severe material and social deprivation, and very low work intensity. Through this multidimensional approach, the indicator shows which share of the population is at risk of exclusion and marginalisation from economic and social activities [1].
Significant further efforts will be needed to meet the 2030 target to reduce the number of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion
In 2023, 94.6 million people, equalling 21.3% of the EU population, were at risk of poverty or social exclusion. The number has remained broadly stable since 2018, when 95.1 million people (or 21.7% of the population) were at risk. As a consequence, despite cushioning the negative social impacts of the COVID-19 and inflation crises, significant further efforts will be needed to meet the EU target of lifting at least 15 million people out of poverty or social exclusion by 2030 compared with the situation in 2019. It is worth noting that the trends related to monetary poverty — and thus in the overall risk of poverty or social exclusion indicator — might be affected by methodological changes in data collection from 2020 onwards in a few Member States [2].
The number of children (persons aged less than 18 years) who are at risk of poverty or social exclusion amounted to 19.9 million in 2023, corresponding to 24.8% of this age group. This is an increase compared with five years earlier, when 19.3 million children (23.9%) were at risk of poverty or social exclusion across the EU. Thus, the EU is currently not on track to meet the complementary ambition of reducing the number of children at risk of poverty or social exclusion by at least 5 million by 2030 compared with 2019.
Monetary poverty is the main form of poverty or social exclusion in the EU
Monetary poverty was the most prevalent component of poverty or social exclusion in the EU in 2023, affecting 71.7 million people or 16.2% of the population [3]. This means that after social transfers (other than pensions) these people had an equivalised disposable income of less than 60% of the national median equivalised disposable income. The equivalised disposable income is a household’s total income — after tax and other deductions — that is available for spending or saving, divided by a specific scale which takes into account the household’s composition and size (all household members have the same equivalised disposable income). Some 29.3 million people (6.8% of the EU population) were affected by severe material and social deprivation in 2023, which meant they were unable to afford seven or more items out of a list of 13 elements of material goods, services or social activities considered by most people to be desirable or necessary for an adequate life. Very low work intensity, referring to people living in (quasi-)jobless households where the adults worked equal to or less than 20% of their total work-time potential during the past year, affected 26.5 million people aged less than 65 years (equalling 8.0% of the population from this age group).
The three components of the at-risk-of-poverty-or-social-exclusion indicator — monetary poverty, very low work intensity, and severe material and social deprivation — are distinct concepts that can, however, overlap. This means that some people might be affected by two or even all three dimensions at the same time. According to its definition, monetary poverty is a relative measure and strongly depends on a country’s median income level. This means that even during times of increasing median income, the relative poverty rate may remain stable or even increase, depending on changes in income distribution across the population. Rates of people living in households with very low work intensity (jobless or (quasi-)jobless households) and severe material and social deprivation (indicating a lack of resources to cover certain material and social needs) are likely to decrease during economic recoveries when people are generally better off financially and the labour market situation has improved. Of all the 94.6 million people at risk of poverty or social exclusion in the EU in 2023, 27.5 million were affected by more than one dimension of poverty, and 5.5 million were affected by all three forms.
To reduce poverty, governments provide a wide range of measures, such as income support though various benefits (for example, unemployment benefits, sickness and invalidity benefits, and minimum income benefits), tax policies and provision of enabling, social and employment services. The impact of the transfers on poverty reduction can be assessed by comparing the at-risk-of-poverty rate before and after social transfers, excluding pensions. In the EU, social transfers (other than pensions) reduced the share of people at risk of poverty in 2023 from 24.8% [4] to 16.2%, which corresponds to a reduction by 34.7% [5].
Considerable differences in poverty rates exist within the EU
The multidimensional risk-of-poverty-or-social-exclusion rate differs considerably between Member States. In 2023, national rates for this indicator ranged from 12.0% in Czechia to 32.0% in Romania. While Czechia ranked among the best performing countries for all three components, other countries show striking differences in terms of monetary poverty, severe material and social deprivation, and very low work intensity. This illustrates that good performance on one indicator does not necessarily go hand in hand with a similar performance on another one. Romania, for example, had the third highest share of monetary poverty after social transfers and the highest share of severely materially and socially deprived people in 2023, while at the same time its share of (quasi-)jobless households was rather low (ninth lowest) across the EU. Denmark is another example with striking differences between the three components. It had the second lowest share of monetary poverty after social transfers, was in the midfield with regard to the rate of people affected by severe material and social deprivation, and it had the third highest share of (quasi-)jobless households. These examples show that the drivers behind Member States’ at-risk-of-poverty-or-social-exclusion rates can vary, depending on the national context.
Children and young people are particularly affected by poverty and social exclusion
Children and young people are generally more affected by the risk of poverty or social exclusion than other age groups. As described previously, with a rate of 24.8%, children aged less than 18 were more affected than the overall EU population (21.3%). However, people aged 15 to 24 were the most likely to be at risk in 2023, with 26.4% of this age group living in households that were at risk of poverty or social exclusion [6].
Children aged less than 18 show a similar pattern for the three poverty dimensions as the total population, with monetary poverty being the most prevalent form, followed by material and social deprivation and (quasi-)joblessness. In 2023, 19.4% of children aged less than 18 were living in households affected by monetary poverty after social transfers, 8.4% were living in households affected by severe material and social deprivation, and 7.5% were living in (quasi-)jobless households [7].
Children’s risk of poverty or social exclusion is largely determined by their parents’ situation. Two major factors are education and household composition: parents with a lower level of education usually earn less. In 2023, 61.8% of children aged 0 to 17 whose parents had at most lower secondary education were at risk of poverty or social exclusion. Very young children aged 0 to 5 were the most affected, with a rate of 64.3%. Children with more highly educated parents fared significantly better. 29.5% of children aged 0 to 17 and 30.7% of children aged 0 to 5 whose parents had a mid-level education were at risk of poverty or social exclusion. The rates were 10.7% for children aged 0 to 17 and 10.5% for children aged 0 to 5 with highly educated parents [8]. Similarly, households of (mostly female) single parents with one or more dependent children had a much higher at-risk rate (43.1% in 2023) than any other household type [9].
People who are unemployed, come from a migrant background, or have a low level of education or a disability are more prone to poverty
Identifying situations that can make people more vulnerable to being at risk of poverty and social exclusion is important for designing sound policies that prevent and fight poverty. Figure 4 shows which subgroups of people were most at risk of poverty or social exclusion in 2023. In addition to the case of children and young people discussed previously, other characteristics — such as unemployment, a migrant background, low education levels or disabilities — were also key risk factors. The group with the highest at-risk-of-poverty-or-social-exclusion rate were unemployed people aged 18 years and over, of which two-thirds (66.3%) were in this situation. Almost half (45.5%) of non-EU citizens living in the EU were at risk of poverty and social exclusion, far more than EU home-country nationals (18.9%). The situation was similar when looking at country of birth, with 39.2% of adults born in non-EU countries being at risk, compared with only 18.3% of those born in the reporting EU countries. Moreover, more than one-third of people with severe disabilities (35.6%) or low education levels (34.5%) were at risk of poverty or social exclusion. Women (22.3%) were more affected than men (20.3%). People living in urban areas (21.6%) were slightly more affected than those in rural areas (21.4%) [10].
Thanks to recent improvements, the poverty gap has returned to its 2010 level
The poverty gap measures how far below the poverty line a person’s income falls. It is calculated as the difference between the median income of those at risk of poverty and the poverty threshold , which is set at 60% of the national median equivalised disposable income after accounting for social benefits. In 2023, the median income of those below the poverty threshold was 23.0% lower than the threshold itself. This represents a 1.5 percentage point improvement compared with 2018 [11]. However, the long-term trend is characterised by stagnation, because the poverty gap in 2023 was practically the same as it was in 2010 (23.1%). Rates varied considerably across the EU in 2023. Belgium had the lowest poverty gap with 14.0% and Romania the highest with 37.4%, followed by Slovakia with 29.9%.
In-work poverty has fallen considerably during the past few years, reaching the lowest level recorded
Having a paid job does not necessarily prevent people from being at risk of poverty. In 2023, the share of people at risk of monetary poverty among the employed — the so-called working poor (in-work poverty) — stood at 8.3%, which is slightly lower than the rate of 8.5% measured in 2010. The 2023 figure represents a 1.0 percentage point improvement in the in-work poverty rate compared with 2018, when 9.3% of employed people were affected. Rates varied considerably across the EU in 2023, with the lowest share of in-work-poverty recorded in Finland (2.8%) and the highest in Romania (15.3%).
The likelihood of a person becoming ‘working poor’ varies according to their type of employment contract, education level and nationality. Low-skilled workers, people who work part-time or on temporary contracts, as well as people born outside the EU or who do not have EU citizenship, are generally the most affected. While social protection benefits play an important role in reducing poverty risks, coverage of such benefits varies widely across Member States and for different categories of workers, as well as by employment status [12].
Access to housing and health care
Being at risk of poverty can have a severe impact on a person’s ability to meet their basic needs such as being able to afford adequate housing or receive necessary medical treatment.
Fewer people are overburdened by their housing costs or face severe housing deprivation
The European Pillar of Social Rights, in principle 19, stipulates that access to social housing or housing assistance of good quality shall be provided for those in need. Meeting basic human needs is central to social sustainability and housing is a key dimension. The costs for housing often account for the largest component of many households’ expenditure and determine what is left of a household’s budget for satisfying other essential needs and expenses, such as food, energy, medical treatment or education. People suffering from poverty are far more often restricted to sub-optimal housing than the overall population.
Housing affordability can be analysed through the housing cost overburden rate, is defined as the share of the population living in households where the total housing costs (net of housing allowances) represent more than 40% of the total disposable household income. The EU’s housing cost overburden rate has been on a downward path since 2010, when 10.0% of the population were affected, falling to 8.8% in 2023. Nevertheless, the rate has increased since 2020 when it was at 7.8%. Moreover, the rate varies considerably between Member States. In 2023, 28.5% of the population in Greece and 15.4% in Denmark were affected, while this was only the case for 2.6% of the population in Cyprus and for 3.7% in Slovenia. Low-income households are particularly prone to being overburdened by their housing costs. In 2023, 33.5% of people with an income below the poverty threshold spent 40% or more of their household disposable income on housing, compared with only 4.1% of the not at-risk-of-poverty population (referring to people with an income above the poverty threshold).
The standardised house price-to-income ratio provides further insights into the affordability of housing, by tracking changes in house prices compared with changes in income. A value of 100 means that the current price-to-income ratio equals the long-term average (calculated over the period from 2000 to the most recent data available), while a ratio above 100 means prices for houses increased more than income. In 2023, the EU house price-to-income ratio stood at 100.9 and was thus only marginally above its long-term average. Since 2018, the ratio has increased by 2.4 index points, showing that house prices have risen somewhat faster than incomes in recent years. However, the EU-level values mask considerable differences across Member States. In 2023, Bulgaria and Romania had ratios below 60, while Luxembourg, Portugal and Austria reported ratios above 125. Between 2018 and 2023, the ratio increased the strongest in Portugal, by 27 index points, followed by Luxembourg and Estonia with increases of 17 index points each. In contrast, Romania and Cyprus reported the strongest decreases of the ratio over this period, by 23 and 21 index points, respectively [13].
The severe housing deprivation rate is an indicator of inadequate housing, referring to people living in an overcrowded household [14] that also face housing deprivation, defined by poor amenities such as a leaking roof, lacking sanitation facilities (bath, shower, indoor flushing toilet) or a dwelling considered to be too dark. In 2023, 4.0% of the EU population faced severe housing deprivation, a 0.3 percentage point improvement compared with 2018. Among people living in monetary poverty, 9.9% were affected by this situation in 2023, compared with only 2.9% of the richer population [15].
An analysis by degree of urbanisation reveals that city dwellers in particular are more likely to be overburdened by their housing costs or to face severe housing deprivation. In 2023, 10.6% of people living in cities spent 40% or more of their household disposable income on housing, compared with only 8.3% for towns and suburbs and 7.0% for rural areas. Similarly, the severe housing deprivation rate was higher in cities (4.9% in 2023) than in rural areas (3.5%) and in towns and suburbs (3.3%) [16].
People most commonly report long waiting lists and costs as the reasons for unmet needs for medical care
Access to health care services is important for ensuring a high quality of life. In turn, this may contribute to increased productivity and reduced costs associated with social protection systems. Barriers to accessing health services include costs, distance and waiting time. In 2023, 2.4% of the EU population aged 16 and above reported unmet needs for medical care. While this is an improvement of 1.1 percentage points compared with 2010, it also represents a 0.6 percentage point deterioration compared with 2018, when only 1.8% of people had reported unmet needs for medical care. Thus, the short-term trend is negative. Long waiting lists and financial constraints were the main reasons given for limited access to health care services, indicated by 1.2% and 1.0% of the EU population in 2023, respectively.
People with lower incomes face a much higher share of unmet needs for medical care. While only 0.2% of the richest 20% of the population reported unmet care needs due to financial constraints, 2.2% of people in the poorest quintile reported that this was the case. Regarding differences between age groups, the prevalence of unmet needs for medical care was lowest among people aged 16 to 29 years, at 1.3%, and it was highest for people aged 75 years or over, at 3.7% [17].
Main indicators
Persons at risk of poverty or social exclusion
While a household's income is a key determinant of its standard of living, other aspects can prevent people from fully participating in society such as an impeded access to labour markets or material and social deprivation. To reflect these different dimensions of poverty or social exclusion, the indicator ‘at risk of poverty or social exclusion’ measures the number of people affected by at least one of the following three forms of poverty or social exclusion: monetary poverty (at-risk-of-poverty rate), severe material and social deprivation and very low work intensity. Data on the three components are derived from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC).
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Source: Eurostat (sdg_01_10)
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Source: Eurostat (sdg_01_10)
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Source: Eurostat (ilc_pees01n)
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Source: Eurostat: (ilc_pees01n), (ilc_peps02n), (ilc_peps03n), (ilc_peps04n), (ilc_peps05n), (ilc_peps06n), (ilc_peps13n), (ilc_peps60n) and (hlth_dpe010)
Persons at risk of monetary poverty after social transfers
This indicator measures the number of people with an equivalised disposable income below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold. This is set at 60% of the national median equivalised disposable income after social transfers [18]. The data stem from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC).
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Note: y-axis does not start at 0.
Source: Eurostat (sdg_01_20)
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Source: Eurostat (sdg_01_20)
Severe material and social deprivation rate
The indicator shows an involuntary lack of necessary and desirable items to lead an adequate life. It is defined as the proportion of the population experiencing an enforced lack of at least 7 out of the following 13 deprivation items: (1) pay rent, utility bills, hire purchase instalments or other loan payments, (2) keep their home adequately warm, (3) face unexpected expenses, (4) eat meat, chicken, fish or vegetarian equivalent every second day, (5) a week of holiday away from home, (6) have access to a car/van for personal use, (7) replace worn-out furniture, (8) replace worn-out clothes with some new ones, (9) have two pairs of properly fitting shoes, (10) spend a small amount of money each week on themselves (‘pocket money’), (11) have regular leisure activities, (12) get together with friends/family for a drink/meal at least once a month, and (13) have an internet connection. Items 1 to 7 relate to the household level, while the remaining items 8 to 13 relate to the level of the individual. Data for this indicator stem from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC).
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Source: Eurostat (sdg_01_31)
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Source: Eurostat (sdg_01_31)
Persons living in households with very low work intensity
This indicator describes the share of people aged less than 65 living in households where the working age adults, aged 18 to 64 years, worked equal to or less than 20% of their total combined potential work-time during the previous year. It excludes students aged 18 to 24 and people who are retired according to their self-defined current economic status or who receive any pension (except survivors pension), as well as people aged 60 to 64 who are inactive and live in a household where the main income comes from pensions (except survivors' pension). The EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) is the data source for this indicator.
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Source: Eurostat (sdg_01_40)
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Source: Eurostat (sdg_01_40)
In work at-risk-of-poverty rate
This indicator refers to the share of people aged 18 years or over who declare to be at work (employed or self-employed) and who are at risk of monetary poverty. People are considered ‘employed’ if they held a job for more than half of the reference year. Data for this indicator are taken from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC).
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Note: y-axis does not start at 0.
Source: Eurostat (sdg_01_41)
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Source: Eurostat (sdg_01_41)
Housing cost overburden rate
The indicator reflects the share of the population living in households where the total housing costs ('net' of housing allowances) represent more than 40% of the disposable income. This indicator is derived from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC).
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Source: Eurostat (sdg_01_50)
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Source: Eurostat (sdg_01_50)
Footnotes
- In 2021, the AROPE indicator was modified and the new EU 2030 target was based on the revised definition. The ‘severe material deprivation’ indicator was replaced with the ‘severe material and social deprivation’ indicator also considering social aspects such as leisure activities and social relationships in addition to the material aspects of deprivation. In addition, the definition of ‘very low work intensity’ — referring to people living in (quasi-)jobless households — was adjusted, including extending the monitored age group from 0–59 to 0–64 years. As a consequence, the two components and thus the whole AROPE indicator presented in this report have indicator values from 2015 only and are not comparable with the data in reports before 2022. ↑
- In 2020, the German EU-SILC survey, on which the AROPE indicator is based, was integrated into the newly designed German microcensus, leading to a substantial break in the time series between 2019 and 2020, with income variables being the most affected by the break. For more information see the related information note. In addition to the (ilc_peps01n) table used for AROPE and its intersections, the break-free estimates of AROPE from 2019 (available in the dataset (ilc_pecs01)) can be used for the purpose of assessing the overall progress towards the 2030 poverty and social exclusion target. In addition to Germany, further countries such as France also reported methodological changes in 2020 and in 2022, which also affected the EU total. ↑
- Variables related to income (only) in the indicators at-risk-of-poverty rate and the people living in households with very low work intensity indicator, refer to the income reference period (N-1), which in EU-SILC corresponds to the previous year of the survey. Please note that both indicators involve other variables not related to the survey year (N). The indicator ‘severe materially or socially deprived’ does not involve any income-related variables. The EU-SILC indicators provide insights on the economic well-being and other living conditions on EU residents based on data collected during a specific year, denoted as N. This data encompasses both the characteristics of households for that year (N) and the income from the preceding year, N-1. The income for year N-1 is an estimate for income of year N within EU-SILC. ↑
- Source: Eurostat (online data code: (ilc_li10)). ↑
- Source: Eurostat (online data code: (tespm050)). ↑
- Source: Eurostat (online data code: (ilc_peps01n)). ↑
- Source: Eurostat (online data codes: (tepsr_spi110), (tepsr_spi120) and (tepsr_spi130)). ↑
- Source: Eurostat (online data code: (ilc_peps60n)). ↑
- Source: Eurostat (online data code: (ilc_peps03n)). ↑
- Source: Eurostat (online data codes: (ilc_peps02n), (ilc_peps05n), (ilc_peps06n), (hlth_dpe010), (ilc_peps04n), (ilc_peps01n), and (ilc_peps13n)). Further information on vulnerable groups particularly at risk of poverty or social exclusion can be found on Eurostat’s Statistics Explained pages related to ‘Poverty and social exclusion’. ↑
- Source: Eurostat (online data code: (sdg_10_30)). ↑
- European Commission (2024), Joint Employment Report 2024, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, Brussels. ↑
- Source: Eurostat (online data code: (tipsho60)). ↑
- A household is considered overcrowded if it does not have at least one room for the entire household as well as a room for a couple, for each single person above 18, for a pair of teenagers (12 to 17 years of age) of the same sex, for each teenager of different sex and for a pair of children (under 12 years of age). ↑
- Source: Eurostat (online data code: (ilc_mdho06a)). ↑
- Source: Eurostat (online data codes: (ilc_lvho07d) and (ilc_mdho06d)). ↑
- Source: Eurostat (online data code: (hlth_silc_08)). ↑
- The equivalised disposable income is the total income of a household, after tax and other deductions, that is available for spending or saving, divided by the number of household members converted into equalised adults; household members are equalised or made equivalent by weighting each according to their age, using the so-called modified OECD equivalence scale. ↑
Explore further
Other articles
Database
Thematic section
Publications
Further reading on poverty
- European Commission (2024), Employment and Social Developments in Europe (ESDE) 2024.
- European Commission (2025), Joint Employment Report 2025, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, Brussels.
- European Commission, Social protection & social inclusion.
- European Commission (2024), Social Protection Committee Annual Report 2024, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, Brussels.
- European Parliament (2023), Factsheet, The fight against poverty, social exclusion and discrimination.
- European Union (2021), Improving the understanding of poverty and social exclusion in Europe – 2021 edition, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
Methodology
More detailed information on EU SDG indicators for monitoring of progress towards the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), such as indicator relevance, definitions, methodological notes, background and potential linkages can be found in the introduction as well as in Annex II of the publication ’Sustainable development in the European Union — Monitoring report on progress towards the SDGs in an EU context — 2025 edition’.